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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Lymphatic System
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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Lymphatic System
Mysterious zeee الأحد فبراير 21, 2010 12:25 pm
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Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one lymph node or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection.
Lymph todes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called macrophages (derived from monocytes) remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/4/45/Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Circulation_of_lymph_w_major_lymph_nodes.jpg
Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node
As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are also produced by the thymus, spleen and bone marrow. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attach invading micro organisms directly while others produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and attack them.
The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection.
Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system
During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or metastasis. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or oedema.
Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System
The spleen is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation.
The thymus is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria.
Other lymph organs are the bone marrow of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and lymph nodules, which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils.
Summary
* Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called tissue fluid.
* Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called lymph.
* Lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries to lymph vessels, passing through lymph nodes and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system.
* Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce lymphocytes.
* Other organs of the lymphatic system are the spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodules.
Worksheets
Lymphatic System Worksheet
Test Yourself
1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph?
2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system?
3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow?
4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node?
5. Where is the spleen located in the body?
6. Where is the thymus located in the body?
7. What is the function of lymphocytes?
Test Yourself Answers
Websites
* http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp
A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system.
* http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system
Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation.
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia
Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs.
/[/url]
center]Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Lymphatic System
Contents[hide]
[justify]
* 1 Objectives
* 2 Lymphatic System
o 2.1 Lymphatic vessels
o 2.2 Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system
* 3 Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System
* 4 Summary
* 5 Worksheets
* 6 Test Yourself
* 7 Websites
* 8 Glossary
Objectives
After completing this section, you should know:
* the function of the lymphatic system
* what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean
* how lymph is formed and what is in it
* the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body
* the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system
* the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals
Lymphatic System
When tissue fluid enters the small blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells it becomes lymph. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly lymphocytes. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics (lacteals) of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called lymphatic vessels. These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2).
Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries
]* 2 Lymphatic System
o 2.1 Lymphatic vessels
o 2.2 Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system
* 3 Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System
* 4 Summary
* 5 Worksheets
* 6 Test Yourself
* 7 Websites
* 8 Glossary
Objectives
After completing this section, you should know:
* the function of the lymphatic system
* what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean
* how lymph is formed and what is in it
* the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body
* the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system
* the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals
Lymphatic System
When tissue fluid enters the small blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells it becomes lymph. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly lymphocytes. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics (lacteals) of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called lymphatic vessels. These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2).
Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries
Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one lymph node or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection.
Lymph todes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called macrophages (derived from monocytes) remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/4/45/Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Circulation_of_lymph_w_major_lymph_nodes.jpg
Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node
As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are also produced by the thymus, spleen and bone marrow. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attach invading micro organisms directly while others produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and attack them.
The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection.
Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system
During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or metastasis. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or oedema.
Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System
The spleen is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation.
The thymus is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria.
Other lymph organs are the bone marrow of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and lymph nodules, which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils.
Summary
* Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called tissue fluid.
* Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called lymph.
* Lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries to lymph vessels, passing through lymph nodes and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system.
* Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce lymphocytes.
* Other organs of the lymphatic system are the spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodules.
Worksheets
Lymphatic System Worksheet
Test Yourself
1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph?
2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system?
3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow?
4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node?
5. Where is the spleen located in the body?
6. Where is the thymus located in the body?
7. What is the function of lymphocytes?
Test Yourself Answers
Websites
* http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp
A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system.
* http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system
Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation.
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia
Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs.
.
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Glossary/A-B
From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection
< Anatomy and Physiology of Animals | Glossary
[center]Jump to: navigation, search
A-B | C-D | E-F | G-H | I-J | K-L | M-N | O-P | Q,R,S | T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z
Word Meaning
A
Abdomen The part of the body below the diaphragm
Abomasum The final compartment of the stomach of ruminants.
This the ‘true’ stomach where muscular walls churn
the food and gastric juice is secreted
Absorption Passage of digested food from the gut into the blood
Accessory gland A gland that produces secretions that make up the liquid portion of semen
Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter released at a synapse
Acoustic Relating to sound
Active transport The movement of substances across a membrane against
the concentration gradient. Requires energy
Adipose tissue Connective tissue in which the cells are filled with fat or lipid
Adrenal cortex Outer portion of adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla Inner portion of adrenal gland
Albumin The most common of the proteins in the plasma
Aldosterone The hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
Alimentary Concerning nutrition
Alimentary canal The long canal from the mouth to the anus through which food passes as it is digested and absorbed
Alkaline Containing few hydrogen ions. pH above 7
Alveolus An air sac in the lung, where gas exchange takes place
Amino acids Molecules containing nitrogen that are the building blocks of proteins
Amphibian Vertebrate Class containing the frogs and toads
Amylases Enzymes that split carbohydrates like starch and glycogen into monosaccharides like glucose
Anaemia A condition involving a low number of red blood cells or haemoglobin in blood
Antagonistic muscles A pair of muscles that work together such that as one contracts the other relaxes and vice versa.
Anterior Nearer to the front of the body (usually used in human anatomy)
Anterior pituitary gland Anterior portion of pituitary gland
Antibodies Proteins made in response to a stimulating molecule called an antigen. The basis for the immune response
Anticoagulant A substance that prevents blood clotting
Antidiuretic A substance that inhibits urine production
Antidiuretic hormone A hormone produced by posterior pituitary gland that stimulates water
reabsorption from the kidney tubule
Antigens A substance that stimulates the body to produce an antibody
Anus The opening at the lower end of the rectum through which solid waste is eliminated.
Aorta The main artery to body and head from heart
Apex The pointed end of a cone shaped structure e.g. heart
Appendage A structure attached to the body
Aqueous humor The watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye
Arteriole A small, almost microscopic, artery
Artery A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Articulation The point of contact between bones. Where they move against each other
Appendage A structure attached to the body
Aqueous humor The watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye
Arteriole A small, almost microscopic, artery
Artery A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Articulate To move against each other - as of bones
Articulation The point of contact between bones. Where they move against each other.
A joint. Point of contact between 2 bones
Atlas First cervical vertebra
Atom A unit of matter that comprises a chemical element
Atrioventricular valve A valve that prevents blood flow backwards from ventricle to atrium
Atrium (pl. atria) One of two cranial chambers of heart
Auditory ossicle One of 3 small bones in middle ear
Autonomic nervous system The part of the vertebrate nervous system that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and
glandular tissues and governs involuntary actions. Consists of the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Axillary lymph node A lymph node under junction of forelimb and body
Axis The second cervical vertebra
Axon A long extension from the neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Ball and socket joint A synovial joint where rounded end of one bone fits into cup-shaped depression of another
B
Barb The part of the feather that sticks out of the shaft
Barbules The parts of a feather that grow out of the barbs. They have hooks and rolled edges to lock the barbs together
Basement membrane The thin membrane between epidermis and dermis
Basophil A white blood cell with granules in the cytoplasm
Biceps The muscle that extends from the shoulder to the elbow responsible for flexing the forearm
Bilateral Including both sides
Bile An alkaline secretion from liver that helps break down fats into small droplets
Binocular vision The placement of the eyes such that both see the same wide area but from slightly different angles
Binomial The two-part Latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and species names
Blastocyst A hollow ball of cells that develop from the fertilized ovum
Blind spot The area of retina at end of optic nerve where there are no receptor cells
Blood The fluid that circulates in the blood vessels
Blood pressure The pressure of blood on the walls of the blood vessels
Body cavity A space within the body that contains various organs
Bowman’s capsule The double walled globe at proximal end of nephron. Encloses glomerulus
Brain stem The part of the brain just above the spinal cord. Contains the medulla oblongata
Breed A race or variety
Bronchiole A branch of the bronchi in the respiratory system
Bronchus One of the large branches of the trachea
Buccal To do with the mouth
the another glosseries in
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
مع تحيات منتدى BIOTECH و M- Saif EL Basha
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Glossary/A-B
From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection
< Anatomy and Physiology of Animals | Glossary
[center]Jump to: navigation, search
A-B | C-D | E-F | G-H | I-J | K-L | M-N | O-P | Q,R,S | T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z
Word Meaning
A
Abdomen The part of the body below the diaphragm
Abomasum The final compartment of the stomach of ruminants.
This the ‘true’ stomach where muscular walls churn
the food and gastric juice is secreted
Absorption Passage of digested food from the gut into the blood
Accessory gland A gland that produces secretions that make up the liquid portion of semen
Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter released at a synapse
Acoustic Relating to sound
Active transport The movement of substances across a membrane against
the concentration gradient. Requires energy
Adipose tissue Connective tissue in which the cells are filled with fat or lipid
Adrenal cortex Outer portion of adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla Inner portion of adrenal gland
Albumin The most common of the proteins in the plasma
Aldosterone The hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
Alimentary Concerning nutrition
Alimentary canal The long canal from the mouth to the anus through which food passes as it is digested and absorbed
Alkaline Containing few hydrogen ions. pH above 7
Alveolus An air sac in the lung, where gas exchange takes place
Amino acids Molecules containing nitrogen that are the building blocks of proteins
Amphibian Vertebrate Class containing the frogs and toads
Amylases Enzymes that split carbohydrates like starch and glycogen into monosaccharides like glucose
Anaemia A condition involving a low number of red blood cells or haemoglobin in blood
Antagonistic muscles A pair of muscles that work together such that as one contracts the other relaxes and vice versa.
Anterior Nearer to the front of the body (usually used in human anatomy)
Anterior pituitary gland Anterior portion of pituitary gland
Antibodies Proteins made in response to a stimulating molecule called an antigen. The basis for the immune response
Anticoagulant A substance that prevents blood clotting
Antidiuretic A substance that inhibits urine production
Antidiuretic hormone A hormone produced by posterior pituitary gland that stimulates water
reabsorption from the kidney tubule
Antigens A substance that stimulates the body to produce an antibody
Anus The opening at the lower end of the rectum through which solid waste is eliminated.
Aorta The main artery to body and head from heart
Apex The pointed end of a cone shaped structure e.g. heart
Appendage A structure attached to the body
Aqueous humor The watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye
Arteriole A small, almost microscopic, artery
Artery A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Articulation The point of contact between bones. Where they move against each other
Appendage A structure attached to the body
Aqueous humor The watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye
Arteriole A small, almost microscopic, artery
Artery A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Articulate To move against each other - as of bones
Articulation The point of contact between bones. Where they move against each other.
A joint. Point of contact between 2 bones
Atlas First cervical vertebra
Atom A unit of matter that comprises a chemical element
Atrioventricular valve A valve that prevents blood flow backwards from ventricle to atrium
Atrium (pl. atria) One of two cranial chambers of heart
Auditory ossicle One of 3 small bones in middle ear
Autonomic nervous system The part of the vertebrate nervous system that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and
glandular tissues and governs involuntary actions. Consists of the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Axillary lymph node A lymph node under junction of forelimb and body
Axis The second cervical vertebra
Axon A long extension from the neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Ball and socket joint A synovial joint where rounded end of one bone fits into cup-shaped depression of another
B
Barb The part of the feather that sticks out of the shaft
Barbules The parts of a feather that grow out of the barbs. They have hooks and rolled edges to lock the barbs together
Basement membrane The thin membrane between epidermis and dermis
Basophil A white blood cell with granules in the cytoplasm
Biceps The muscle that extends from the shoulder to the elbow responsible for flexing the forearm
Bilateral Including both sides
Bile An alkaline secretion from liver that helps break down fats into small droplets
Binocular vision The placement of the eyes such that both see the same wide area but from slightly different angles
Binomial The two-part Latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and species names
Blastocyst A hollow ball of cells that develop from the fertilized ovum
Blind spot The area of retina at end of optic nerve where there are no receptor cells
Blood The fluid that circulates in the blood vessels
Blood pressure The pressure of blood on the walls of the blood vessels
Body cavity A space within the body that contains various organs
Bowman’s capsule The double walled globe at proximal end of nephron. Encloses glomerulus
Brain stem The part of the brain just above the spinal cord. Contains the medulla oblongata
Breed A race or variety
Bronchiole A branch of the bronchi in the respiratory system
Bronchus One of the large branches of the trachea
Buccal To do with the mouth
the another glosseries in
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
مع تحيات منتدى BIOTECH و M- Saif EL Basha
[url=en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary
/]en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary
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- عدد المساهمات : 33
تاريخ التسجيل : 27/10/2009
العمر : 33
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